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Golden currant produces one- to three-inch-long clusters (racemes) of 5-18 drooping flowers from the leaf axils. Individual flowers are 3/4" long and across; the joined sepals are yellowish-green and tubular basally but abruptly flare into five bright golden-yellow, rectangular lobes with rounded tips. The petals are short (2-3 mm), rectangular structures that surround the throat of the corolla; they may be yellow or orange but are usually red or red-tipped. Between the petals are five stamens that extend to the tips of the petals, bearing white anthers; the styles are light green, fused to just below the stigmas, and protrude beyond the petals. The fruit is a small (1/4-3/8") edible berry with lots of seeds; fruit color is initially green but ranges from golden yellow to black when mature. Unlike gooseberries, this plant lacks spines and prickles; its large yellow flowers are distinctive. Golden currant is native to North America and was once very popular as an ornamental plant (and fruit for jams and jellies); it has probably escaped cultivation numerous times.

Ribes

Ribes aureum

golden currant [Blooms: Apr-May]

Missouri gooseberry produces groups (racemes or corymbs) of 1-3 flowers on a horizontal flower stalk near some leaf petioles; the 1/4-1/2" long flower pedicels droop downward, so the axis of the flower is vertical. An egg-shaped, sessile bract is present at the base of each flower stalk. Missouri gooseberry flowers are easy to overlook because they don't comport with one's usual idea of "flowers" — they are very elongate, as if viewed in a fun house mirror. The flowers have a very narrow, white or greenish-white, tubular calyx with 4-5 oblong, spreading or reflected sepal lobes as long as the calyx; five short, erect petals extending from the calyx; and 4-5 stamens that double the vertical length of the flower. Hidden inside, at the base of the calyx, is a smooth ovary topped by a single pistil with one style; only the style is visible externally, sometimes extending past the stamens during flowering. After fertilization, the flower parts wither and the ovary expands into a smooth, globular berry 6-12 mm in diameter containing numerous tiny seeds; the berry is initially green, turning dull red or dull purple when ripe. If you see a gooseberry in Jackson Park with a prickly surface on the fruit (looking like a miniature, green medieval mace), it is prickly gooseberry, Ribes cynosbati, which also has lobed leaves. I have yet to see prickly gooseberry in Jackson Park, but it is known to occur in northern Illinois.

Ribes

Ribes missouriense

Missouri gooseberry [Blooms: Apr-May]

The inflorescence of black locust is a drooping raceme (flower spike) 4-7" long, with a pale green central stalk (rachis) and petiole, covered in 3/4-1" long, pea-like flowers. Each flower consists of a white or light green tubular calyx with five triangular teeth, densely covered with short hairs, and five white petals — a vertical banner with a yellow spot at its base, two lateral petals forming a keel, and two more wings enclosing the keel. The stamens (with orange anthers) and a single style are hidden within the keel. The fruit is a drooping, green seedpod 2-4' long at maturity, when it is dark brown and laterally flattened, containing from 3-10, quarter-inch-long seeds. Black locust produces a hardwood that is extremely resistant to rot and was prized by boat and bridge builders, especially as a source for trenails. (A dowel used to join two pieces of wood by driving it through a slightly undersized hole bored through the pieces; see Eric Sloane, "A Reverence for Wood," p. 37.)

Robinia

Robinia pseudoacacia

black locust [Blooms: May-Jun]

The upper stems of marsh yellow-cress end in one or more 2-8" long racemes of flowers; racemes may also develop from leaf axils. Flowers in bloom are restricted to the tip of the raceme; cylindrical seedpods (siliques) oriented perpendicular to the stem decorate the lower regions of the raceme. Individual flowers are tiny (about 3 mm long) with four greenish-yellow oblong sepals, four yellow spatulate petals, 4-6 stamens with yellow or light brown anthers, and a stout style with a two-lobed stigma. After fertilization, 3-10 mm long, dumbbell-shaped, hairless, green siliques containing two rows of tiny seeds develop. The siliques bear the remnant of the style on one end and 1/2" long pedicels on the other.

Rorippa

Rorippa palustris

marsh yellow-cress [Blooms: Jun-Aug]

Prairie rose flowers arise from upper stems, either as single flowers or as groups (corymbs) of 2-4. Individual flowers are 1.5-2" across with five green, lance-shaped sepals half the length of the petals, five pink petals, a ring of numerous (~120) yellow stamens, and a button-like, flattened yellowish central cluster (the stylar disc) of short styles. The fruit is a round, 1/2" diameter rose hip, bright red when mature, with the withered remains of the five long sepals at its tip. Prairie rose prefers coarse, dry soils or sand. Prairie rose is most similar to pasture rose (Rosa carolina) but has hairless flower stalks rather than the glandular-hairy stalks of pasture rose, most flowers occur in groups of 2-4, and its leaves tend to have more leaflets (typically 9; pasture rose has 5-7).

Rosa

Rosa arkansana

prairie rose [Blooms: May-Jul]

Pasture rose flowers are usually solitary, ~2" across on pedicels covered with glandular hairs, with five bold pink (rarely white) petals, five green, pointed sepals covered with glandular hairs, ~100 bright yellow stamens, and a small yellow or yellow-orange stylar disk composed of ~40 pistils and their stigmas. The fruits are typical rose hips about 5/8" across, bright red when ripe; the glandular hairs on the pedicel and sepals persist but the sepals are deciduous and quickly fall off. The flowers are similar to purple-flowered raspberry (Rubus odoratus) but the leaves are completely different (odd-pinnate vs. palmate).

Rosa

Rosa carolina

pasture rose [Blooms: Jun-?]

Multiflora rose's flowering stalks produce abundant white flowers in panicles of up to 30 flowers — in full bloom, a multiflora rose shrub can be breathtaking. Individual flowers are about 1" across, each with five green sepals covered with glandular hairs, five oval white petals, a ring of 35-100+ stamens with bright yellow or orange anthers, and a greenish central column of styles with yellow stigmas. (The only other local species with a stylar column is climbing wild rose, Rosa setigera.) The fruit are 1/4" diameter typical rose hips, hairless, orange-red or red when mature; the sepal remnants are shed before maturity. There are at least two large multiflora rose shrubs on Wooded Island.

Rosa

Rosa multiflora

multiflora rose [Blooms: May-Jun]

Swamp rose flowers arise from the upper stems as single flowers or corymbs of 2-4 flowers. The flowers are 1.5-3" across, with five green, lance-shaped sepals, five pale- or rosy-pink, oval or heart-shaped petals, a ring of about two hundred yellow stamens, and a flat central disc of 24-50 styles that is pink or orange-red (much less often, yellow). The sepals and pedicels are covered with glandular hairs. The fruits are typical rose hips but are quite small (3/8" across, pea-sized), bright red when ripe.

Rosa

Rosa palustris

swamp rose [Blooms: May-Jun]

Rugosa rose flowers are 2-3" across; they have five sepals covered with glandular hairs, five magenta (more rarely pink or white), wrinkled petals, over 100 yellow stamens, and a yellow, flat stylar disc in the center of the flower. The fruits are typical rose hips about 1" across, bright red when ripe. Rugosa rose prefers sandy habitats and sites prone to water stress (e.g., roadsides where salt washes off the roads). The wrinkled leaves and magenta petals, profuse straight thorns/prickles, and large rose hips are distinguishing characters of rugosa rose.

Rosa

Rosa rugosa

rugosa rose [Blooms: May-Jul]

Climbing wild rose flowers are 2.5-3" across with five green sepals five times longer than wide (reflexed, then shed soon after the flowers open); five pale fuchsia to pink petals, usually with a shallow terminal notch; a ring of about 200 golden stamens; and a tall, yellow stylar column with a terminal knob in the center of the flower. (The only other local species with a stylar column is multiflora rose, Rosa multiflora.) The fruits are typical rose hips, bright red when mature, less than 1/2" wide, with no trace of the sepals.

Rosa

Rosa setigera

climbing wild rose [Blooms: Jun -Jul]

Common blackberry canes produce leaves and actively grow in their first year (primocanes); in their second year, they switch to producing flowers and fruit (floricanes). Second-year canes produce cylindrical racemes (up to 8.5' long) on the tips of short lateral shoots, longer than wide, with about a dozen flowers; the peduncles and pedicels of the raceme are covered with conspicuous glandular-tipped hairs. Each flower is 1-2" wide, has five green, pointed, triangular sepals with a tail-like extension, densely covered with glandular and non-glandular hairs; five white, rounded, wrinkled petals; 20-100 creamy stamens with white or yellow anthers; and a green cluster of numerous (100+) slender styles. After fertilization, the central cluster of styles enlarges to form a typical blackberry (drupe) 3/4" long and a bit less than half as wide, initially white or green but turning red-black when mature. The fruit is popular with most birds and mammals (including humans), who subsequently disperse the seeds.

Rubus

Rubus allegheniensis

common blackberry [Blooms: May-June]

Young, densely-hairy, stems of common dewberry terminate in single flowers or corymbs of 2-3 (rarely five) flowers. Individual flowers are 1-1.25" across consisting of five green, lance-shaped, hairy and glandular-hairy sepals with a thin, narrow "tail" at the tip; five white, wrinkled petals longer than the sepals; numerous (20-100) stamens; and a cluster of 5-150 green carpels with their club-shaped styles in the center of the flower. Floral stems may also arise from the axils of leaves. The fruits are pretty typical compound drupes (aggregate fruit like blackberries) 1/2-3/4" across, usually tightly attached to the receptacle with relatively few drupelets (10-40 of the smaller sections of the fruit); ripe fruit are dark red to black and shiny (not pruinose).

Rubus

Rubus flagellaris

common dewberry [Blooms: May-Jun]

Purple-flowered raspberry's flowers are large (up to 2-3") with five sepals densely covered with reddish glandular hairs, bluntly triangular, about half the length of the petals with long, thread-like tips; five magenta, rounded, laterally overlapping petals surrounding a compact ring of 20-100 thread-like stamens with yellow anthers; and a central mound of several hundred pale yellow, club-shaped styles. The fruit is a typical drupe, 3/4" in diameter, reddish-pink when mature, more flattened than a commercial raspberry. It can be hard to find on the plant — it is very popular with birds. Between the maple-like leaves and the showy, magenta flowers, purple-flowered raspberry is impossible to confuse with any other Rubus spp. in Illinois. Purple-flowered raspberry prefers partial shade (like woodland edges); it is critically endangered in Illinois.

Rubus

Rubus odoratus

purple-flowered raspberry [Blooms: Apr/May-Aug]

Second-year canes of Pennsylvania blackberry produce 2-4" (across) corymbs of flowers on the tips of short lateral shoots. Each flower is about one inch wide, has five green, largely hairless, lance-shaped sepals much shorter than the petals with a thin "tail" on their tips; five white, oblong, wrinkled petals, widest about a third of the way from the distal tip; 20-100 creamy stamens with white or yellow anthers; and a light green cluster of numerous (100+) styles. Lance-like stipules or large leafy bracts flank the base of the flower pedicel, the latter often partially hiding the flower. After fertilization, the central cluster of styles enlarges to form a typical blackberry (drupe) 3/4" long, initially white or green but turning black when mature. The fruit is popular with most birds and mammals (including humans), who subsequently disperse the seeds.

Rubus

Rubus pensilvanicus

Pennsylvania blackberry [Blooms: May-Jun]

Orange coneflower (aka, Sullivant's coneflower) is a short sunflower (1.5-2.5') similar to black-eyed susan but the stems are green (not red) and are sparsely (rather than very) hairy with pronounced grooves; overall orange sunflower is less hairy than black-eyed susan. The stem leaves are alternate, about twice as long as wide, up to 5" long but decreasing in size and becoming narrower up the stem; they have toothed margins, taper to a short, winged petiole (lacking in black-eyed susan), and have three main veins (one central and two submarginal). The petioles are either sessile or clasp the stem. The flowerheads are 2-3" across, produced on the apex of the stems; each flowerhead has 10-20 yellow or orange (sterile) ray florets with the petal tips notched; the numerous (50 to over 500) disk florets are tubular and dark brownish-purple with five small lobes around their upper rim and a divided style. Petals that are yellow-colored often have orange bases. This species can be highly variable.

Rudbeckia

Rudbeckia fulgida

orange coneflower [Blooms: Jul-Aug]

Black-eyed susan flowerheads are 2-3" across; they have two series (outer longer than inner) of numerous slender, sharply-pointed, green bracts beneath the flowerhead, each densely covered with long, stiff hairs; 8-20 (usually less than 12) yellow-orange, sterile ray florets (rarely with a maroon patch near the base of the petal); and 250 to over 500 dark purplish-brown disk florets, each with slender, sharply pointed styles. The fruit consists of numerous four-sided brown or black seeds that remain embedded in the remnants of the disc flowers (a gumdrop shaped, brown mass).

Rudbeckia

Rudbeckia hirta

black-eyed susan [Blooms: Jun-Oct]

Cutleaf coneflower (aka, green-headed coneflower) is an imposing tallgrass prairie plant, 3-8' tall, that can form dense stands. The composite flowerheads are 2-3" across. Eight to fifteen light green, oblong bracts lie beneath a central globe-like, light green to yellow cone surrounded by 6-12 yellow, drooping, sterile ray florets. The disk florets have yellow to yellowish green corollas and a protruding bifurcated stigma; the stamens are yellow, fused to the base of the corolla, with deep purple anthers attached around the styles side-by-side. Immature disk florets are green (thus the alternative common name); mature disk florets produce a spikey appearance. The disk florets mature from the bottom of the cone to the top, lending a pincushion-like appearance to the cone.

Rudbeckia

Rudbeckia laciniata

cutleaf coneflower [Blooms: Jul-Sep]

Sweet coneflower flowerheads are 2-3.5" across, occurring as single blooms on the tips of stems or branches. A flowerhead is comprised of numerous 1/2" long medium green, lance-shaped phyllaries, downy with short hairs; 10-20 bright yellow, oblong, sterile ray florets with a tiny notch at their tips; and a deep brown hemisphere of 200-400 disk florets (the central disc). The disk florets have a tubular, dark reddish-purple corolla; bifurcated stigmas that have sharp tips; with the purplish-brown anthers adhering side by side around the deep purple styles. Sweet coneflower is distinctive among the Jackson Park coneflowers with its chocolate brown disk and bright yellow, elongate-oval petals with a shallow notch at their tips.

Rudbeckia

Rudbeckia subtomentosa

sweet coneflower [Blooms: Jul-Aug]