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Multiflora rose's flowering stalks produce abundant white flowers in panicles of up to 30 flowers — in full bloom, a multiflora rose shrub can be breathtaking. Individual flowers are about 1" across, each with five green sepals covered with glandular hairs, five oval white petals, a ring of 35-100+ stamens with bright yellow or orange anthers, and a greenish central column of styles with yellow stigmas. (The only other local species with a stylar column is climbing wild rose, Rosa setigera.) The fruit are 1/4" diameter typical rose hips, hairless, orange-red or red when mature; the sepal remnants are shed before maturity. There are at least two large multiflora rose shrubs on Wooded Island.

Rosa

Rosa multiflora

multiflora rose [Blooms: May-Jun]

Swamp rose flowers arise from the upper stems as single flowers or corymbs of 2-4 flowers. The flowers are 1.5-3" across, with five green, lance-shaped sepals, five pale- or rosy-pink, oval or heart-shaped petals, a ring of about two hundred yellow stamens, and a flat central disc of 24-50 styles that is pink or orange-red (much less often, yellow). The sepals and pedicels are covered with glandular hairs. The fruits are typical rose hips but are quite small (3/8" across, pea-sized), bright red when ripe.

Rosa

Rosa palustris

swamp rose [Blooms: May-Jun]

Rugosa rose flowers are 2-3" across; they have five sepals covered with glandular hairs, five magenta (more rarely pink or white), wrinkled petals, over 100 yellow stamens, and a yellow, flat stylar disc in the center of the flower. The fruits are typical rose hips about 1" across, bright red when ripe. Rugosa rose prefers sandy habitats and sites prone to water stress (e.g., roadsides where salt washes off the roads). The wrinkled leaves and magenta petals, profuse straight thorns/prickles, and large rose hips are distinguishing characters of rugosa rose.

Rosa

Rosa rugosa

rugosa rose [Blooms: May-Jul]

Climbing wild rose flowers are 2.5-3" across with five green sepals five times longer than wide (reflexed, then shed soon after the flowers open); five pale fuchsia to pink petals, usually with a shallow terminal notch; a ring of about 200 golden stamens; and a tall, yellow stylar column with a terminal knob in the center of the flower. (The only other local species with a stylar column is multiflora rose, Rosa multiflora.) The fruits are typical rose hips, bright red when mature, less than 1/2" wide, with no trace of the sepals.

Rosa

Rosa setigera

climbing wild rose [Blooms: Jun -Jul]

Common blackberry canes produce leaves and actively grow in their first year (primocanes); in their second year, they switch to producing flowers and fruit (floricanes). Second-year canes produce cylindrical racemes (up to 8.5' long) on the tips of short lateral shoots, longer than wide, with about a dozen flowers; the peduncles and pedicels of the raceme are covered with conspicuous glandular-tipped hairs. Each flower is 1-2" wide, has five green, pointed, triangular sepals with a tail-like extension, densely covered with glandular and non-glandular hairs; five white, rounded, wrinkled petals; 20-100 creamy stamens with white or yellow anthers; and a green cluster of numerous (100+) slender styles. After fertilization, the central cluster of styles enlarges to form a typical blackberry (drupe) 3/4" long and a bit less than half as wide, initially white or green but turning red-black when mature. The fruit is popular with most birds and mammals (including humans), who subsequently disperse the seeds.

Rubus

Rubus allegheniensis

common blackberry [Blooms: May-June]

Young, densely-hairy, stems of common dewberry terminate in single flowers or corymbs of 2-3 (rarely five) flowers. Individual flowers are 1-1.25" across consisting of five green, lance-shaped, hairy and glandular-hairy sepals with a thin, narrow "tail" at the tip; five white, wrinkled petals longer than the sepals; numerous (20-100) stamens; and a cluster of 5-150 green carpels with their club-shaped styles in the center of the flower. Floral stems may also arise from the axils of leaves. The fruits are pretty typical compound drupes (aggregate fruit like blackberries) 1/2-3/4" across, usually tightly attached to the receptacle with relatively few drupelets (10-40 of the smaller sections of the fruit); ripe fruit are dark red to black and shiny (not pruinose).

Rubus

Rubus flagellaris

common dewberry [Blooms: May-Jun]

Purple-flowered raspberry's flowers are large (up to 2-3") with five sepals densely covered with reddish glandular hairs, bluntly triangular, about half the length of the petals with long, thread-like tips; five magenta, rounded, laterally overlapping petals surrounding a compact ring of 20-100 thread-like stamens with yellow anthers; and a central mound of several hundred pale yellow, club-shaped styles. The fruit is a typical drupe, 3/4" in diameter, reddish-pink when mature, more flattened than a commercial raspberry. It can be hard to find on the plant — it is very popular with birds. Between the maple-like leaves and the showy, magenta flowers, purple-flowered raspberry is impossible to confuse with any other Rubus spp. in Illinois. Purple-flowered raspberry prefers partial shade (like woodland edges); it is critically endangered in Illinois.

Rubus

Rubus odoratus

purple-flowered raspberry [Blooms: Apr/May-Aug]

Second-year canes of Pennsylvania blackberry produce 2-4" (across) corymbs of flowers on the tips of short lateral shoots. Each flower is about one inch wide, has five green, largely hairless, lance-shaped sepals much shorter than the petals with a thin "tail" on their tips; five white, oblong, wrinkled petals, widest about a third of the way from the distal tip; 20-100 creamy stamens with white or yellow anthers; and a light green cluster of numerous (100+) styles. Lance-like stipules or large leafy bracts flank the base of the flower pedicel, the latter often partially hiding the flower. After fertilization, the central cluster of styles enlarges to form a typical blackberry (drupe) 3/4" long, initially white or green but turning black when mature. The fruit is popular with most birds and mammals (including humans), who subsequently disperse the seeds.

Rubus

Rubus pensilvanicus

Pennsylvania blackberry [Blooms: May-Jun]

Sweet coneflower flowerheads are 2-3.5" across, occurring as single blooms on the tips of stems or branches. A flowerhead is comprised of numerous 1/2" long medium green, lance-shaped phyllaries, downy with short hairs; 10-20 bright yellow, oblong, sterile ray florets with a tiny notch at their tips; and a deep brown hemisphere of 200-400 disk florets (the central disc). The disk florets have a tubular, dark reddish-purple corolla; bifurcated stigmas that have sharp tips; with the purplish-brown anthers adhering side by side around the deep purple styles. Sweet coneflower is distinctive among the Jackson Park coneflowers with its chocolate brown disk and bright yellow, elongate-oval petals with a shallow notch at their tips.

Rudbeckia

Rudbeckia subtomentosa

sweet coneflower [Blooms: Jul-Aug]

Hairy wild petunia is, like the name says, hairy — stems, leaves, and petioles all densely covered with long (1-2 mm) white hairs on all surfaces. The plant is short, generally 8-12" tall. The leaves are opposite, twice as long as wide, oval or triangular, with smooth margins and with short (1-3 mm) hairy petioles or sessile. The flowers emerge directly from upper leaf axils; what looks like a flower stalk is actually part of the corolla tube. The flowers are pale lavender or pale purple, about 2" across, funnel shaped with five lobes tapering rapidly to a narrow throat, four white to purplish stamens, and a white to purplish style with an asymmetrically split stigma. There are purple streaks (nectar guides) on the lowermost lobe's throat region. The short, tubular calyx is green, with five long, narrow teeth that extend for half the length of the flower; the calyx, too, is hairy. The fruit is a bullet-shaped capsule, shorter than the calyx teeth (among which it nestles); the seeds are covered with fine spiraling hairs that allow the seeds to self-bury. The flowers usually last only one day. Hairy wild petunia is a distinctive plant unlikely to be confused with any other.

Ruellia

Ruellia humilis

hairy wild petunia [Blooms: Jun-Sep]

Upper branches of elderberry end in flat to domed panicles of flowers 3-10" across. Individual flowers are about 1/4" across, with a green, cup-shaped calyx, a creamy white corolla with five petal-like lobes, five long, spreading stamens with white anthers, and a creamy white hemispherical ovary with 3-5 short styles; flowers occur in umbel-like panicles 10" across made of dozens of flowers. The fruits are <1/4" wide spherical drupes in starburst-like sprays, dark purple to black when mature. The flower stalks are light green, turning purplish as the fruit ripens. The raw fruit is sweet with a slightly bitter or astringent aftertaste but may induce nausea or diarrhea if eaten in more than small quantities. The fruit is widely used in a variety of herbal supplements (as infusions and extracts), jam, and herbal wine. Note that all parts of the plant including the sap (except the flesh of the fruit) contain toxic cyanide-producing glycosides; berries should be cooked before consumption.

Sambucus

Sambucus nigra

elderberry [Blooms: May-Jul]

The tips of the upper stems of Canadian black snakeroot give rise to umbels 2.5" across of greenish white flowers; each umbel usually consists of 1-4 umbellets, each with 2-3 pistillate flowers or perfect flowers and 2-6 staminate flowers. In perfect flowers, the pistils develop (and are deployed) before the stamens develop; the pistillate stage persists for much longer. Each flower has a green calyx with five lance-like lobes slightly longer than the five greenish-white petals. Male and perfect flowers add five stamens with white anthers and lack the series of hooked spines of the pistillate flowers. Female and perfect flowers have ovaries densely covered with distinctive, neatly stacked series of long, hooked bristles arrayed perpendicular to the axis of the flower. The fruit is round, 3-5 mm long, covered in rows of those same hooked bristles; it splits on maturity to release the two seeds.

Sanicula

Sanicula canadensis

Canadian black snakeroot [Blooms: Jun-Jul]

On black snakeroot, one to five 1/2" wide globoid umbels (flower clusters) arise from the tips of the upper stems. Each umbel is packed with 20-60 tiny flowers and their flower stalks (pedicels). In each umbel, 1-3 flowers are "perfect" (with both male and female organs) and the rest are staminate (stamens only). In addition to the male stamens, the perfect flowers have two long, cylindrical styles (emerging from a hidden ovary) that arch and recurve from the middle of the flower; the styles are much longer than the hooked bristles on the ovary. Both staminate and perfect flowers have a minute (<1 mm) green calyx with five rounded teeth, five dull yellow to greenish-yellow, heart-shaped petals (tip of the heart towards the center of the flower), and five protruding stamens <3 mm long with obvious yellow (or brown) anthers. The fruit is a 1/4" long round to cylindrical bur covered with short, hooked bristles; the remains of the styles often persist. The bur splits to release the two seeds inside.

Sanicula

Sanicula odorata

black snakeroot [Blooms: May-Jun]

Soapwort produces clusters of 3/4-1" flowers from the tips of terminal stems and branches. Individual flowers have a 1" long, green or reddish, sometimes hairy, cylindrical calyx; a corolla with five spreading (later reflexed), pink to white, oblong petals/lobes with a notched tip; 10 white stamens with pale yellow anthers that protrude from the throat of the flower; and a similarly protruding, divided white style. The calyx persists as an inflated seed capsule filled with 15-75 tiny dark brown, kidney-shaped seeds. Soapwort might be mistaken for a phlox, but the stamens and style in phlox are always hidden in the calyx tube, never protruding as in soapwort, and soapwort has leaves with three obvious longitudinal veins. Soapwort contains saponins in both the foliage and (especially) the seeds that make a frothy soap-like lather when boiled (and were once used as a soap substitute), but caution is recommended — the saponins are toxic. Herbivores generally avoid this plant.

Saponaria

Saponaria officinalis

soapwort [Blooms: Jun-Jul]

Early figwort (aka, lanceleaf figwort) is difficult to distinguish from late- (or Maryland-) figwort (S. marilandica) except by blooming date (before July = early, after July = late, July = could be either) and details of the flowers (especially the sterile stamen). The inflorescence (a panicle) is constructed from short, spreading, sparse branches covered in glandular hairs, bearing a 3/8" long, shiny tubular flower whose outside surfaces are reddish-purple to reddish-green and inner surfaces are reddish brown (upper and lateral lobes) or greenish yellow (lower lobe). Four yellow, fertile stamens and a single blunt, slender style hug the floor of the flower, the style protruding further than the fertile stamens. A single sterile stamen (a "staminode") is located along the upper interior of the flower. The sterile stamens are yellow or green with a broad tip in early figwort (S. lanceolata); they are reddish-brown to purple and narrow in late figwort (S. marilandica). The fruit is a teardrop-shaped capsule, dark brown when mature, that splits in two longitudinally to release the numerous tiny seeds.

Scrophularia

Scrophularia lanceolata

early figwort [Blooms: May-Jul]

Late figwort's inflorescence (a panicle) gives rise to short, spreading, sparse branches covered in glandular hairs, bearing a 3/8" long, shiny tubular flower whose outside surfaces are reddish-purple to reddish-green and inner surfaces are reddish brown (upper and lateral lobes) or greenish yellow (lower lobe). Four yellow, fertile stamens and a single blunt, slender style hug the floor of the flower, the style protruding further than the fertile stamens. A single sterile stamen (a "staminode") is located along the upper interior of the flower. The sterile stamens are yellow or green with a broad tip in early figwort (S. lanceolata); they are reddish-brown to purple and narrow in late figwort (S. marilandica). The fruit is a teardrop-shaped capsule, dark brown when mature, that splits in two longitudinally to release the numerous tiny seeds.

Scrophularia

Scrophularia marilandica

late figwort [Blooms: Jul-Aug]

Crown vetch's flower stalks are about 6" long with a 1" wide cluster (an umbel) of 10-25 pea-like flowers on short (1/4") pedicels, all attached to the tip of the flower stalk. Each flower is 1/2" long and 1/4" wide, with a short green calyx bearing five pointed lobes and a typical pea-like corolla, bicolored in pink and white. The five petals are modified as a vertical standard (often pinker than the other petals, which are white), two lateral wings, and a pair of abutting petals forming a medial keel perpendicular to the standard. Within the keel are 10 stamens (one free and nine fused to each other, all with small yellow anthers) and a slender style, curved upwards, with a tiny terminal stigma. The fruit is a 1/2-2" long, narrow seedpod (loment) with 1-7 slightly constricted segments and a long terminal "beak" (the remains of the pistil); the pods remain attached to the flower stalk, forming a cluster often likened to "fingers". The tight flower clusters with showy, bicolored flowers are characteristic.

Securigera

Securigera varia

crown vetch [Blooms: Jun-Sep]

Biting stonecrop (aka, mossy stonecrop) is an exotic succulent that is native to Greenland and western Europe but naturalized across most of the U.S. and the lower Canadian provinces. It is a mat-forming plant with creeping stems that roots at nodes; the stems produce short, erect vegetative and flowering stems. The leaves are alternate, sessile, and densely imbricated on the erect stems; they are green or yellowish-green, with old, white leaves persisting. The succulent-like leaves are 4-5 mm long, 2.5-3 mm across, and 1.5 mm thick, convex on both the upper and underside and blunt-tipped. The inflorescence arises from the tip of one of the erect stems; it is about 5/8" (1.5 cm) long, 1/4-1.25" (5-30 mm) across, with 1-3 branches, each with 1-4 sessile (or on 1 mm long pedicels) flowers with a basal bract. The sepals closely resemble the leaves. The flowers have five bright yellow petals, typically 10 stamens with yellow anthers, and 4-5 yellow pistils, each with a single style and a pinhead-shaped stigma. The fruit is a five-pointed yellowish star of united, inflated follicles filled with numerous seeds. Biting stonecrop is not a good competitor; it grows best in thin, dry soils like cliffs, shingle, and beaches. However, it is tough — it stores water in its leaves and reportedly can go six months without external water.

Sedum

Sedum acre

biting stonecrop [Blooms: Jun]