Filtered (56)
Upland white goldenrod stems end in a flat-topped panicle 6" across of flowerheads; colonies can present a visually continuous surface of flowers. The flowerheads are 3/4-1" across on 1" stems; each flowerhead has 10-25 white, pistillate ray florets (no stamens) and 30-36 yellowish, perfect disc florets (with both pistils and stamens). The petal-like rays are bright white and spreading, sometimes with notched tips; they look very much like a generic aster flowerhead. The disk florets are dull white and tubular; the five stamens in each disk floret are conjoined and yellow, giving a yellowish cast to the disk. Behind the flowerhead are 4-5 series of hairless bracts (phyllaries), light green at their base, darker green at the tips, each phyllary with a prominent light green mid-vein; the phyllaries are 4 mm long in total. Upland white goldenrod is uncommon in most of northern Illinois except in the sandy soils near Lake Michigan. ITIS and the Flora of North America accept Solidago ptarmicoides as a valid species name; the USDA Plants Database and NatureServe Explorer consider S. ptarmicoides as a junior synonym of Oligoneuron album (as does illinoiswildflowers.info).

Solidago

Solidago ptarmicoides

upland white goldenrod [Blooms: Aug-Sep]

Stiff goldenrod's inflorescence (a corymb) arises from the tip of the main stem and from the upper side stems. It is a compact, flat-topped or rounded mass of flowers 2-5" wide. Each flower is 3/8" across (big for a goldenrod) with 6-13 yellow, pistillate ray florets (with purple styles and no stamens) and up to 35 (usually fewer) yellow, perfect disc florets with five yellow stamens and a purplish, split style. The back of the flowerhead is covered with 3-5 series of overlapping bracts (phyllaries) with the midvein and other veins visible. The fruit is a dry seed that is angular in outline, about 2 mm long with a tuft of white or light brown hairs. The distinctive stiff, rounded upper leaves that clasp the stem are all you need to unequivocally identify stiff goldenrod.

Solidago

Solidago rigida

stiff goldenrod [Blooms: Aug-Oct]

Solidago sempervirens

Solidago

Solidago sempervirens

seaside goldenrod [Blooms: Sep-Oct]

Showy goldenrod's inflorescence is a showy, cylindrical panicle up to 12" long arising from the tip of the stem; the flowering stems are erect or curve upwards and the flowerheads occur on all sides of the flowering stems. (Unlike most goldenrods, where the flowering stems curve outward and downward and the flowerheads are on one side of the flowering stems.) Each flowerhead is about 1/4" across consisting of 4-10 large (for a goldenrod) pistillate ray florets (no stamens) and 6-16 perfect disk florets (both stamens and style). Behind the flowerhead are 3-4 series of overlapping bracts (phyllaries), each with a prominent midvein. The fruit is a 2 mm long seed with dark brown longitudinal grooves and a tuft of light brown hairs. Showy goldenrod is distinguished from other goldenrods by the character combination of: (1) stem leaf margins smooth (not toothed), (2) wing-like leaflets in axils of upper leaves, (3) the stems of the inflorescence erect or curve upward (not out and down), and (4) stems and leaves largely or completely hairless except in the inflorescence.

Solidago

Solidago speciosa

showy goldenrod [Blooms: Jul-Oct]

Perennial sowthistle's upper stems produce long flower stalks at their tips. Individual flowerheads are 1-2" in diameter, composed entirely of 80-250 yellow ray florets; disc florets are absent. The fruit, popular with goldfinches, is a flat, dark brown seed with tapered ends, several longitudinal ribs, and a tuft of fine white hairs (like a dandelion). Glandular hairs are typically present on the flower bracts and stalks; if these glandular hairs are absent, glands are present in the epidermis. Perennial sowthistle is indeed a perennial, one with a taproot that may penetrate as deep as 9' into the soil. Of the local sowthistles, perennial sowthistle has by far the largest flowers; other species never exceed 3/4".

Sonchus

Sonchus arvensis

perennial sowthistle [Blooms: Jun-Oct]

Prickly sowthistle's flowerheads are dandelion-like, less than 3/4" in diameter and composed entirely of 80-250 ray florets. Glandular hairs are present on both the flowerhead bracts and on the stalks just below the flowerheads. The fruits are flattened, brown, 2-3 mm long oval seeds with 3-4 ribs per side and a tuft of white hairs on one end. Prickly sowthistle has shiny green (as opposed to the dull green of the other two species) leaves with rounded lobes (as opposed to pointed lobes of common sowthistle) at the base of the leaves. Perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis) has larger (1-2" as opposed to <3/4") flowers and small, rounded lobes at the base of the leaves. The triangular lobes on the base of the leaves of common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) are not found in the other two species.

Sonchus

Sonchus asper

prickly sowthistle [Blooms: Jun-Oct]

Common sowthistle flowerheads are less than 3/4" in diameter and look very dandelion-like; they open in the morning and close by noon. Each flowerhead consists of numerous (80-250) yellow ray florets; disc florets are absent.

Sonchus

Sonchus oleraceus

prickly sowthistle [Blooms: Jun-Oct]

The leafy stems of Drummond's aster end in a panicle 1/2-2 feet long and half as wide bearing white flowerheads with yellow or maroon centers. Individual flowerheads are 1/2-3/4" across; they have 10-15 ray florets and 13-15 disk florets. The ray florets have bright blue, purple, or white tubular corollas and white rays (petals); the disk florets have cream to yellow tubular corollas, turning deep purple or reddish purple with age. Both disk florets and ray florets are perfect with bright yellow anthers on the stamens and white, bifurcated styles, but the ray florets are sterile. The base of the flowerhead is covered with 4-5 series of overlapping, light green phyllaries (bracts). Each phyllary is 4-6 mm long, light green, with a diamond-shaped patch of dark green near their tip. The fruit is a dry seed with a tuft of attached brown to white hairs. Note that the leaf petioles are winged and the leaves are broad and toothed. The upper surface of the leaf is rough (unlike Short's aster, the most common species in Jackson Park that you might confuse with Drummond's aster). The even pubescence (down-like hairs) on the underside of the leaves and along the stems distinguishes Drummonds aster from the other look-alike aster in Jackson Park, white arrowleaf aster (Symphyotrichum urophyllum). The phyllary pigmentation is also distinctive.

Symphyotrichum

Symphyotrichum drummondii

Drummond's aster [Blooms: Sep – ?]

Each heath aster flowerhead is 1/3-1/2" across with 8-20 ray florets (usually 12) and 6-12 disk florets. The ray florets are sterile; the disk florets are perfect and fertile. The phyllaries occur in 3-4 series on the back of the flowerhead; they are blunt-tipped, often recurved away from the flowerhead, with a distinct apical spine. Also note the spines at the tips of the numerous needle-like bracts on the flower stems. (Note: hairy aster (S. pilosum) also has such apical spines but has larger flowers, rolled, needle-like phyllaries with a smaller spine, and spreading hairs on the stems.)

Symphyotrichum

Symphyotrichum ericoides

heath aster [Blooms: Sep – Nov]

Smooth blue aster's central stem produces a one-half to one foot long (and half as wide) panicle of flowerheads with stiff, ascending branches covered with small, leafy bracts. Smaller panicles may arise from some lateral upper stems and the axils of the upper leaves. Individual flowerheads are 0.5-1" wide, consisting of 15-30 light lavender or light blue-violet ray florets and 19-33 disk florets that are initially a whitish yellow but change to purplish red over time. The phyllaries that cover the back of the flowerhead are arranged in 4-6 overlapping series and have a diamond-shaped, green tip, often with a spot of red at the very tip. The fruit is a brown, dry seed, flattened, narrowly cone-shaped with 4-5 longitudinal ribs, 2-4 mm long with a tuft of brown hair. The most useful character to distinguish smooth blue aster from other asters is the lack of hairs on its stems and leaves; the uniformly clasping leaves (no petioles) is another useful character. For example, the superficially similar skyblue aster (Symphyotrichum oolentangiense) has lower and middle leaves with distinct petioles and none of its leaves actually clasp the stem.

Symphyotrichum

Symphyotrichum laeve

smooth blue aster [Blooms: Aug – Sep]

Panicled aster's central stem gives rise to an 8" long panicle (4" wide) of flowerheads; panicles may also arise form lateral stems and the axils of upper leaves. The panicle branches tend to be hairier and more often grooved than the stems; there are bracts (1.5" long, 8 mm wide) at the base of the panicle branches and the base of the flowerhead stalks. Individual flowerheads are 1/2-3/4" across with 1.5" long flower stalks (peduncles). Flowerheads have 20-40 white (less often blue or violet), pistillate (no stamens) ray florets, and an equal number of perfect (pistils and stamens) disc florets that are initially yellow, turning red orange with age. Phyllaries (bracts) cover the back of the flowerhead in 3-6 overlapping layers; the phyllaries are narrow, green with paler bases, appressed or slightly spreading, with the outer layer shorter than the inner. The fruit is a 1.5-2 mm long gray seed with a tuft of dull white or yellowish hairs. It's easy to confuse panicled aster with other asters that have small, white flowerheads. Look for: (1) leaves with wedge-shaped (not rounded or heart-shaped) bases, (2) mature leaves hairless on both sides, (3) stems with lines of white hairs, and (4) flowerheads with at least 20 ray florets. (Count the "petals.")

Symphyotrichum

Symphyotrichum lanceolatum

panicled aster [Blooms: Aug – Oct]

Panicles of flowerheads up to 10" long and 6" across arise from the upper stems (and some side stems) of calico asters. Individual flowerheads are about 1/3" (8 mm) across, typically consisting of 8-15 white ray florets and 8-16 cream or light-yellow disc florets turning brown or reddish purple with age. The flowerheads sit on a 1/3" long, hairy flower stalk (peduncle) with a few leaf-like bracts along the peduncle. The base of the flowerhead is covered by phyllaries (bracts) in 3-4 overlapping layers; the phyllaries are sparsely hairy, appressed or slightly spreading, with a darker green lance- or diamond-shaped tip. The fruits are fuzzy dry seeds with a tuft of white hairs. Calico asters are distinguished from other small, white asters by: (1) very small flowerhead (<1/2"), (2) relatively few (9-16) ray florets/petals, (3) creamy white or pale (not bright) yellow disk florets, (4) lance-elliptic leaves with hairs only on the midvein, (5) stems with lines of soft, white hairs. Other asters (e.g., panicled aster) will have one or more of these characters, but not the full suite.

Symphyotrichum

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum

calico aster [Blooms: Sep – ?]

Clusters of flowerheads occur at the tips of the upper stems of New England asters. Individual flowerheads are large (1.5" across) with 50-75 (!) purple, lavender, or pink ray florets; the 50-110 disk florets are yellow or gold, turning reddish purple with age. A healthy New England aster with two or three dozen flowerheads is an impressive sight indeed. Phyllaries surround the back of the flowerhead in 3-5 layers. They are green or purple-tinged, very narrow but robust, widely spreading or reflexed, with the outermost layer of phyllaries covered with short glandular hairs. The fruit is a longitudinally ribbed, quite hairy, dry seed with a tuft of long, light brown hairs. The large, showy flowerheads with very large numbers of ray florets (petals) can't be confused with any other aster in Jackson Park.

Symphyotrichum

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae

New England aster [Blooms: Aug – Nov]

Skyblue aster's central stem terminates in a 6-18" long panicle of flowerheads; the panicle is twice as long as wide. The panicle has a central stalk (rachis), several primary branches and numerous secondary (off the primary) and tertiary (off the secondary) branches that end in flowerheads. The branches have scale-like, 3/4" long leafy bracts spaced along their lengths. Individual flowerheads are 1/2-3/4" across with 10-25 lavender or pale blue ray florets and 20-25 disk florets. The disk florets are initially yellow, turning reddish-purple with age; they seem to me to be unusually large for an aster. The phyllaries (bracts) surrounding the base of the flowerhead are small (2 mm) and tightly appressed, each with a diamond-shaped green tip and often with a spot of blue-purple at the very tip. The fruits are bullet-shaped, 1.5-2mm long dry seeds, purplish brown, with a tuft of hairs. Skyblue aster is similar to smooth blue aster (S. laeve), but that species has sessile leaves; sky blue aster has petioles on the lower and middle leaves, only the upper leaves are sessile. Skyblue aster is also similar to Short's aster (Symphyotrichum shortii), but the latter has upper leaves with a heart-shaped base rather than smoothly tapering to a sessile attachment as in skyblue aster. Generally, skyblue aster is most easily identified by the long, narrow, arrowhead-shaped lower leaves that feel like fine sandpaper on both surfaces.

Symphyotrichum

Symphyotrichum oolentangiense

skyblue aster [Blooms: Sep – Oct]

The upper stems of hairy aster give rise to 2 foot long, 1.25 foot wide panicles with a central rachis that produces spreading or ascending primary branches and smaller secondary branches that bear the flowerheads. Each flowerhead is 1/2-3/4" across with 15-35 white ray florets and 20-40 yellow disk florets that turn reddish purple or brown with age. The bracts (phyllaries) that surround the base of the flowerhead are present in 4-5 layers; they are 3 mm long and light green with a long, darker green tip. The edges of the phyllaries are often rolled under and thus may appear needle-like. The phyllaries and the bracts attached to the panicle branches both have a tiny spine at their tip. (Note: heath aster (S. ericoides) also has such spines but has smaller flowerheads, broad, blunt phyllaries with a larger spine, and the hairs on the stems are either appressed to the stem or are ascending.) The fruits are 1-1.15 mm long, tan colored, dry seeds with 3-4 longitudinal ribs and a tuft of white hairs. After blooming is completed, rosettes of 3" long, 1" wide, spoon-shaped basal leaves develop and persist through the winter into the spring, but wither away before blooming begins again.

Symphyotrichum

Symphyotrichum pilosum

hairy aster [Blooms: Aug – Nov]

The panicles of Short's aster's flowerheads are up to 18" long and 8" across; the panicles arise from the tips of the central stem and the upper lateral branches. The flowering branches are long, widely spreading or arching, and covered with small, leaf-like bracts and stiff hairs. Individual flowerheads are 3/4-1" across. Flowerheads consist of 10-20 lavender or pale blue-violet (rarely white) ray florets and 15-23 disk florets, initially yellow but becoming reddish purple over time. The phyllaries that surround the base of the flowerheads are covered with stiff, white appressed hairs, are whitish or light green with a diagnostic dark green, diamond-shaped tip, and sometimes also with a dark green medial vein. The fruits are 2-3 mm long, oblong-shaped, with a tuft of light brown hairs at one end. The indented bases of the lower and middle leaves, the slender, wingless petiole, the hairless leaves, and the phyllaries with dark green apical diamonds together are good indicators of Short's aster. Short's aster is the commonest aster in bloom in Jackson Park in early autumn; later in the autumn it is overtaken in numbers (or at least visual impact) by New England asters.

Symphyotrichum

Symphyotrichum shortii

Short's aster [Blooms: Aug – Nov]

The upper stems and branches (some arising from upper leaf axils) of white arrowleaf aster terminate in 6-18" long panicles of flowerheads; the panicles are 2-3 times longer than wide. Each flowerhead is 1/2-3/4" across with 8-15 pistillate, white (rarely pale lavender) ray florets and 10-15 perfect (both stamens and styles present) disk florets. The disc florets are initially yellow but turn pink or light purple with age such that the flowerheads with yellow disk florets are often in the minority on the plant. The individual disk florets strike me as being larger than on many asters. The phyllaries (bracts) covering the base of the flowerhead are narrowly lance-shaped, usually hairless, dark green in the middle tapering to narrow, stiff, green to purplish tips. The fruits are 2 mm long, purplish-brown dry seeds with longitudinal ribs and a tuft of hairs at one end. White arrowleaf aster is similar to Drummond's aster (Symphyotrichum drummondii) but is less hairy and has distinctly different phyllaries. Among asters with white flowerheads, only white arrowleaf aster has heart-shaped leaves. (Other asters with heart-shaped leaves typically have blue to violet flowers.)

Symphyotrichum

Symphyotrichum urophyllum

white arrowleaf aster [Blooms: Aug/Sep – ?]

Western goat's-beard's stems terminate in a single flowerhead, with the stem strongly swollen beneath the flowerhead. Individual flowerheads are pale lemon yellow and about 2" across. Between 50-180 ray florets are present; disc florets are absent. A series of about 13 sharply pointed, narrow bluish-green bracts (significantly longer than the outer ray florets) surround the base of the flowerhead. The outer ray florets (the "petals") are much longer than the inner ray florets. All ray florets have an outer tip of the "petal" decorated with five small teeth. Near the base of the ray florets is a composite reproductive structure consisting of a single style, bifurcated at its tip, and five stamens with black anthers closely appressed to the middle of the style. The flowerheads open in the morning but close in the afternoon; the flowerheads sometimes track the sun like a sunflower. Fertilized florets produce a long, narrow, naked seed densely covered with small teeth; the seed is attached to a plume of fine white hairs (like a dandelion). The seed head looks like a giant version of a dandelion seed head. Western goat's beard is very similar to yellow goat's beard (Tragopogon pratensis) but prefers drier habitats; the latter has only eight bracts (rather than 13) surrounding the flowerhead and the bracts are the same length (not longer) than the outer ray florets.

Tragopogon

Tragopogon dubius

western goat's-beard [Blooms: May-Sep]