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Great blue lobelia's flower spike is 0.5-2' long, densely covered by blue-violet flowers with white stripes. individual flowers are about 1" across, the apex angled upwards, with a green, very hairy calyx with five long, narrow teeth and the bell-shaped corolla a tube that splits distally into in an upper and a lower lip, each with long white hairs on their outer surfaces. The lower lip consists of three lance-shaped, descending lobes with white patches near their bases; the upper lip has two lobes that flank on either side a cylindrical structure (five bluish stamen filaments fused with and surrounding the style) with a down-turned tip (the stigma) surrounded by brush-like anther "beards". The flower stalk and calyx are green and densely hairy. Like most lobelias, great blue lobelia contains toxic alkaloids that can produce serious symptoms; keep pets away. This species is unlikely to be confused with any other. If mystified by the flower structure, see http://iowaplants.com/flora/family/Campanulaceae/lobelia/l_siphilitica/Lobelia_siphilitica.html.

Lobelia

Lobelia siphilitica

great blue lobelia [Blooms: Aug-Oct]

Amur honeysuckle flowers occur in near-sessile pairs arising from leaf axils; there is a 2 mm long flower stalk (the thickness of a U.S. five cent coin). The corolla is about 1" long and tall, white or cream-colored, consisting of four fused, vertical upper lobes and a single lower lobe at 90° to the upper lobes; this geometry creates an opening through which protrudes five long stamens with yellow anthers and the solitary pistil with a green, knobby stigma. Outer surfaces of the flower are hairy. The fruit is a 1/4" diameter, shiny-red, spherical berry, usually in clusters of 2-4, that looks rather like a large current. The berries are mildly poisonous. The berries of amur honeysuckle are very similar in appearance and distribution to the berries of Morrow's honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii), but the berries of the former are sessile while the berries of the latter are attached to 1/2" long pedicels. In addition, the leaves of amur honeysuckle have elongated tips while the leaf tips of Morrow's honeysuckle are relatively blunt; only amur honeysuckle has sessile flowers. Please don't plant this in your garden — too often, it escapes.

Lonicera

Lonicera maackii

amur honeysuckle [Blooms: Apr-Jun]

Morrow's honeysuckle is another invasive exotic, this one from northern Asia, a highly branched shrub 6-10' high that prefers disturbed woodlands and a strong competitor for space. Flowers arise in pairs from leaf axils on pedicels at least 1/2" long. Each flower consists of a tubular greyish-green calyx with five teeth covered with short hairs; a tubular corolla 3/4-1" long and across, initially white but becoming cream colored over time, with five long, narrow, widely-spreading lobes (four on the upper lip, one on the lower lip); five stamens with white filaments and yellow anthers; and a single, slender white style with a dome-shaped, green stigma. The fruit is a red berry 1/4" across. The berries of Morrow's honeysuckle are very similar in appearance and distribution to the berries of amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), but the former are attached to 1/2" long or longer pedicels while the latter are sessile; in addition, the leaves of amur honeysuckle have elongated "drip tips" while the leaf tips of Morrow's honeysuckle are relatively blunt.

Lonicera

Lonicera morrowii

Morrow's honeysuckle [Blooms: Apr-May]

Tatarian honeysuckle's flowers arise from upper leaf axils in pairs on a 3/4-1" long pedicles. Individual flowers are 3/4" (both long and across); there is a short (1/4") green calyx with five lobes; a pink to rosy-pink tubular corolla that flares to produce five narrow, spreading lobes — the middle two lobes on the upper lip of the corolla are vertical and fused at their base, the other two are spreading; the sole lobe on the lower lip is bent down. Protruding from the throat of the corolla are five stamens with white filaments and yellow anthers and a slender, white style with a green, dome-shaped stigma. The fruit is a pair of 1/4" berries that turn bright red on maturity. Of the exotic honeysuckles (amur, Morrow's, tartarian) in Jackson Park, tartarian honeysuckle is the only species that is virtually hairless and the only one with reddish (as opposed to white) flowers. Please don't plant this species in your garden — too often, it escapes.

Lonicera

Lonicera tatarica

tatarian honeysuckle [Blooms: Apr-May]

Gypsywort (aka, European bugleweed) is another species native to Europe and Asia. How it came to the New World is unknown, but it has a long history in the botanical literature in Europe (back to the sixteenth century). It strongly prefers wetlands and can often be found in muds. The stem can be as much as 2.5' tall, usually unbranched, light- or yellowish-green, square in section, hairy, and finely grooved. Flowers occur in whorls in the axils of the upper leaves. Each flower is 1/8" across consisting of a green calyx with 4-5 teeth, each longer than the calyx tube, giving the mass of flowers a bristly appearance; a white tubular corolla with four apical lobes, usually with a few pink or purple spots on the lower lip; two stamens; and a style with a bifurcated tip (which can be difficult to see). The fruits are four, concave-topped nutlets cupped in the calyx. This species is known to hybridize with American bugleweed (Lycopus americanus). The medicinal properties of gypsywort are quite controversial; resist the urge to nibble.

Lycopus

Lycopus europaeus

gypsywort [Blooms: Aug-Sep]

Field mint flowers occur in whorls of about 20 above the axils of the upper leaves. Individual flowers are 1/8" long with a green calyx with small triangular lobes; a tubular, lavender, pink, or white corolla with a two-lobed upper lip and a lower lip with 0-3 lobes; four stamens protruding well beyond the tips of the flower; and a style longer than the stamens. The fruit consists of four small nutlets nestled in the flower calyx, each with a single seed. Field mint is a very widely-distributed (circumboreal) plant. Field mint is similar to Virginia bugleweed (Lycopus virginicus) in that both have flowers in whorls in the axils of paired, opposite leaves, but the latter has only white flowers in much sparser whirls with two stamens no longer than the tips of the flower. Field mint could possibly be confused with motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) but the latter has distinctive three or five lobed angular-cleft leaves and lacks the boldly-protruding stamens of field mint. Finally, some sources (and plant ID apps) identify "Mentha canadensis" as occurring in Illinois and neighboring states. However, both ITIS (https://www.itis.gov/) and the USDA plants database (https://plants.usda.gov/) agree that the name "Mentha canadensis," often applied to this species, is invalid and a junior synonym of Mentha arvensis (field mint).

Mentha

Mentha arvensis

field mint [Blooms: Jun-Sep]

Wild bergamot is a showy plant in the mint family that often occurs in dense stands in Jackson Park. Flowerheads/clusters 1-3" in diameter arise at the apex of flower stems that arise from leaf axils. Blooming begins in the center of the cluster and moves progressively toward the periphery, with the arching flowers pointing in all directions. Flowers are tubular (they remind me of baroque trumpets with embellished bells), about 1" long. They have a short green tubular calyx; a lavender or pink corolla (other mints are white, red, or purple); an awning-like upper lip beneath which protrude two stamens with brownish-purple anthers and the single style (with an unevenly bifurcated tip) significantly longer than the stamens. The 1/2" wide lower lip offers a surface where the pollinators land. The lower lip has three small lobes at its tip. Seeds develop within the persistant calyx. The very similar bee balm (Monarda didyma) has scarlet flowers. Wild bergamot is widely used as a component of herbal teas.

Monarda

Monarda fistulosa

wild bergamot [Blooms: Jul-Aug]

Spotted beebalm (aka, spotted horsemint) is a curious-looking plant 1-3' tall; it reminds me of the top of a pineapple with spotted coffee-with-cream colored flowers under the arching leaves. There are whorls of leaf-like bracts below the flowers that are white to deep pink or lavender, shorter and broader than the leaves, and invariably have smooth margins. The flowers are 3/4-1" long with a tubular calyx with five triangular teeth at the base and a cream to yellow tubular corolla with purple spots. The corolla consists of an upper lip covered with long, fine hairs on the exterior and a lower lip with three small lobes on its tip. Nestled under and paralleling the upper lip are two stamens and a style; the brown anthers and bifurcated stigma protrude beyond the tip of the lip. The fruit consists of four nutlets hidden within the persistant calyx. Spotted beebalm is unlikely to be confused with any other wildflower in Jackson Park.

Monarda

Monarda punctata

spotted beebalm [Blooms: Jul-Aug]

Catnip flowers are largely creamy-white or pink, clustered in spike-like racemes. Each flower is small (1/3-1/2") and has two unequal lips. The upper lip has two tiny lateral lobes, is smaller than the lower, and wider than long; the three-lobed lower lip is much larger, is longer than wide, has pink or purple spots, and has a frill on the lip of the middle lobe. The four stamens have anthers that are dark purple; the style protrudes just beyond the upper lip and has a bifurcated tip (the stigma). The fruit is four one-seeded nutlets nestled in the persistant calyx.

Nepeta

Nepeta cataria

catnip [Blooms: Jun-Aug]

As the name suggests, biennial gaura is a biennial. In its first year biennial gaura develops a dense, flat basal rosette; in its second year, multiple stems shoot up from the basal rosette, branching frequently and reaching 3-7' tall. The flower spikes are 4-8" long with flowers opening from the bottom to the top. Each flower is open and airy, 1/2" long and wide, with four white or pink, spoon-shaped, petals deployed around the upper quadrant of the flower; eight long white stamens with yellow anthers and a single long white style with a yellow, X-shaped, stigma emerge at right angles to the fan of petals. Behind the petals is a red or green, hairy, tubular calyx with four sepals whose tips are reflected backwards. The fruits lie on the flower spikes behind the open flowers; they are diamond- or spindle-shaped with a flat-to-conical tip and four large ribs running longitudinally and are covered with fine hairs. Oenothera gaura is almost indistinguishable from large-flowered gaura (Oenothera filiformis, a.k.a., Gaura longiflora), but the latter has larger flowers and hairs on the stems that are curled against the stem (as opposed to straight hairs); I've not identified large-flowered gaura in Jackson Park.

Oenothera

Oenothera gaura

biennial gaura [Blooms: Jul-Sep]

Wood betony's numerous yellow (less commonly, reddish brown) flowers arise from a spike (raceme) at the apex of the stem; the blooms open in a wave from the base of the spike to its tip. The flowers tend to be twisted clockwise around their long axis by about 30° so that, viewed from above, the flower spike looks like a pinwheel. Individual flowers are 1/2-1" long, tubular, with a hood-like upper lip that curves down into two small "teeth" or "fangs" at its tip (a distinguishing character of this species) and a paler or white three-lobed lower lip that functions as a landing pad for pollinators. The four stamens are hidden under the upper lip of the corolla; they are of two lengths with light yellow anthers. The single style is also largely hidden under the upper corolla lip, although the tip of the style may protrude; the stigma looks like the head of a common pin. The fruit is a 1/2" long, angular capsule reminiscent of a shoe tree (as in footwear, not plants) that is initially green, turning brown as it matures.

Pedicularis

Pedicularis canadensis

wood betony [Blooms: Apr-Jun]

Foxglove beardtongue's inflorescence consists of 3-6 pairs of panicles at the apex of the stems. Individual flowers are white or (less often) pink with a green or maroon calyx, five narrowly triangular lobes, and a tubular corolla that flares abruptly distal to the calyx. The corolla's aperture bears five lobes (two above on the upper lip, three below on the lower lip) with pink or purple nectar guides inside the tube. The filament of a sterile stamen (a "staminode") bearing sparse yellow hairs runs along the midline of the lower half of the corolla, while the filaments of the other four stamens wrap around the inside of the corolla like ribs in a ribcage, with the black anthers positioned on either side of the midline of the upper corolla. A single style runs along the upper midline between the black anthers to emerge between the two upper aperture lobes. The fruit is a bullet-shaped capsule about 1/2" long nestled in the persistant calyx. The calyx, flower stalks, and the flowers themselves are densely covered by glandular hairs; the main stems and leaves are hairless. Foxglove beardtongue is ubiquitous in Jackson Park.

Penstemon

Penstemon digitalis

foxglove beardtongue [Blooms: May-Jul]

Slender beardtongue (aka, lilac penstemon) is another beardtongue/penstemon that is uncommon in Jackson Park. The stems are unbranched, green or purple, and may or may not bear hairs. There are both basal and stem leaves. The basal and lower stem leaves are 1-3" long and 1/2" wide, variable in shape and leaf margins; the stem leaves are smaller and minutely toothed. Individual flowers are pinkish, purple, or pale violet, about 3/4" long; they are comprised of a green calyx with five triangular lobes and a tubular corolla that is abruptly inflated in the more distal two thirds of the flower. The lower lip of the corolla has three lobes that extend down and out from the aperture the upper lip has two smaller, erect lobes. The interior of the corolla is white with several dark purple lines that act as nectar guides. The filament of a sterile stamen (a "staminode") bearing sparse yellow hairs runs along the midline of the lower half of the corolla, while the filaments of the other four stamens wrap around the inside of the corolla like ribs in a ribcage, with the black anthers positioned on either side of the midline of the upper corolla. A single style runs along the upper midline between the black anthers. The fruit is a more or less bullet-shaped capsule nestled in the persistant calyx. The calyx, flowers, and flower stalks are all covered with glandular hairs; the stems and leaves are not.

Penstemon

Penstemon gracilis

slender beardtongue [Blooms: Jun-Jul]

Hairy beardtongue is 1-2.5' tall and blatantly hairy — backlit plants seen from a distance show a white nimbus around the stems. The flowers are slender, lavender colored, with white lips; the aperture of the flower is nearly occluded by the arched lower lip. Like the other beardtongues/penstemons the tubular flowers have an upper and lower lip have a total of five lobes (two above, three below). The calyx, flower stems, and the flowers themselves are densely covered by glandular hairs; the stems are densely covered with fine white hairs. The stem leaves are pointed, triangular with toothed margins, and occur in opposite pairs; the leaf pairs are oriented at 90° to the pairs above and below them on the stem.

Penstemon

Penstemon hirsutus

hairy beardtongue [Blooms: May-Jul]

Pale beardtongue stems terminate in a 4-10" long panicle of flowers that is longer than broad. Flowers are 3/4" long consisting of a short, green calyx with five teeth, a tubular, white corolla similar to that of other penstemons/beardtongues, four fertile stamens with brown anthers, a bright yellow "beard" on the lower lip (as in hairy beardtongue), and a single style. The upper lip of the corolla has the usual two erect lobes, but the lower lip has three rounded lobes that project forward well beyond the margin of the upper lip. The outer surfaces of the flowers and flower stalks are covered with hairs. The throat of the corolla's lower surface has three thin purple veins, a narrow patch of long, bright yellow hairs, and a pair of low ridges/grooves, one on either side of the midline. The fruit is an egg-shaped capsule 1/4" long nestled in the persistent calyx. Both pale beardtongue and foxglove beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis) have white flowers and might be confused. However, the flowers of pale beardtongue are smaller, the flowers have two distinct ridges on the interior of the lower half of the corolla, and the three lobes on the lower lip are parallel to the floor of the corolla and extend well beyond the upper lip. None of these traits are present in foxglove beardtongue. In Jackson Park, pale beardtongue is less common than hairy beardtongue and much less common that foxglove beardtongue.

Penstemon

Penstemon pallidus

pale beardtongue [Blooms: May-Jun]

Pickerel weed is an aquatic plant with emergent leaves and flower spikes; it is native to the New World. Each flower stalk is up to 3' tall (usually shorter) and bears a single leaf whose petiole is wrapped by a thin sheath. The flower stalks bear a flower spike ~5" long, densely covered with blue-violet flowers and unopened flower buds; below the spike, the flower stalk is wrapped in a sheath. Individual flowers are ~1/2 across; the corolla has three upper lobes (with 1-2 yellow spots on the middle lobe) and an additional three lower lobes; the exterior of the buds and the flowers is covered with long, white hairs. There are six stamens, usually three emergent and three recessed deep in the flower. Like purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), pickerel weed has tristylous flowers with each plant producing flowers with one of three distinct lengths of the styles (and thus the position of the stigma) and three complementary lengths of the stamens (call them long, medium, and short). If the styles are L, the stamens are M and S; if the styles are M, the stamens are L and S, and if the styles are S, the stamens are L and M. Presumably, these complications enhance genetic outcrossing. For more information, see Price and Barrett (1984) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 21: 315-329 and Gettys and Wofford (2008) J. Heredity 99: 558-563.

Pontederia

Pontederia cordata

pickerel weed [Blooms: Jun-Sep]

Heal-all (a.k.a., self-heal) is a native species superficially similar to ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea) or early-season henbit (Lamium amplexicaule). Heal-all has the characteristics of other low-growing plants in the mint family — an upright, four-angled stem, with lines of hairs along the ridges, 1' tall or less, with a short (1-2") spike of flowers at the apex — and is thus easy to overlook. But the tiny (1/2" long), tubular, two lipped flowers are distinctive (and charming). The light purple or blue upper lip is bent at right angles to form a hood over the aperture with the four stamens and single style with a bifurcated stigma at its tip curving along inside of the hood. The lower lip is divided into three lobes, the middle one white and fringed; the two smaller lateral lobes are the same color as the hood. The hood of the upper lip also sports a "mohawk" haircut of relatively long hairs along the crest of the hood. The flower calyx is light green or reddish, hairy along the edges. After fertilization, four tiny, brown, finely-ridged nutlets develop within the persistant calyx; the seeds are reported to be dispersed by a mechanism that uses the energy in raindrops impacting the calyx to fling the seeds away from the mother plant. The leaves are opposite, up to 2" long and half as wide with a short petiole; they are egg- or lance-shaped with a central vein that is hairy on the underside. Heal-all prefers moist habitats with a history of disturbance.

Prunella

Prunella vulgaris

heal-all [Blooms: Jun-Aug]

The five petals and five sepals of Maryland senna's 3/4" flowers are both yellow. The single pistil has many spreading white hairs and arches upward. The anthers of the 10 stamens are a striking dark brown (like partridge pea). The upper three stamens have short filaments and short anthers that produce only sterile pollen (as a pollinator reward). The middle four stamens have short filaments and long anthers while the lower three stamens have long filaments and long anthers; all seven of these stamens produce fertile pollen that is released by "buzz pollination." The flowers do not produce nectar. The fruit is a flattened seedpod 1/2" across and 3-4" long with 10-18 segments, each containing a single 1/4" flattened seed.

Senna

Senna marilandica

Maryland senna [Blooms: Jul]