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Downy hawthorn produces clusters of 5-17 flowers; the flower stalks are reddish-green and hairy. Individual flowers are 3/4-1" across with five green, triangular sepals with glandular hairs along the margins that are fused at their base; five round, white petals; 17-20 stamens with pale yellow or white anthers; and 4-5 styles. In Jackson Park, the top of the receptacle (at the center of the flower around the bases of the styles) is reddish-green to deep red and shiny.

Crataegus

Crataegus mollis

downy hawthorn [Blooms: Apr-May]

Common hawthorn produces broad, dense, flattened clusters (cymes) of five to fifteen flowers. Individual flowers are up to 1/2" wide with five reflexed sepals, five white petals, 15-20 stamens with red to purple anthers, and a single style. At least in Jackson Park, the upper surface of the receptacle at the base of the pistil is a shiny yellowish green.

Crataegus

Crataegus monogyna

common hawthorn [Blooms: May-?]

Narrow-leaf hawksbeard is a weedy-looking plant that reaches a size of 8-40". Flowers occur in a panicle (usually arising from a leaf axil) with up to 20 dandelion-like flowerheads. Individual flowerheads are about 1" across with 30-70 yellow ray florets (the "petals"); beneath the ray florets are two layers of green bracts — an inner layer of 12-15 3/8" long, sharply-pointed, keeled bracts covered in wooly or short stiff hairs and an outer layer of bracts half the length of the inner layer, sometimes ridged, with hairs like the inner layer. Narrow-leaf hawksbeard can be distinguished from similar dandelion-like flowers (Crepis pulchera, Crepis capillaris, and various sowthistles and hawksweeds) by the presence of auricles on the stem leaves and a layer of appressed hairs on the inside surface of the inner bracts, best seen with a magnifier.

Crepis

Crepis tectorum

narrow-leaf hawksbeard [Blooms: May-?]

Honewort's inflorescence is a compound umbel 1.5-3" across of tiny (1/8") flowers. Each flower has five stamens with creamy-yellow anthers, and one or two light green, conical pistils; the five petals are usually curled in. In Jackson Park, flowers of honewort have two conical styles, whitish to greenish, that are shorter than the petals.

Cryptotaenia

Cryptotaenia canadensis

honewort [Blooms: May-Jun]

Winged pigweed flowers are whitish-green, sessile, and 1/16" across; the flowers have five inward-curving sepals that cover the ovaries, five stamens, and a flattened ovary with 2-3 styles. Flowers may contain only a pistil or both a pistil and stamens; if the latter, the creamy-yellow anthers are prominent.

Cycloloma

Cycloloma atriplicifolium

winged pigweed [Blooms: Jul-Aug]

Shining flatsedge is an attractive plant up to 10" tall with sprawling culms up to 8" long, triangular in section. The flower spike (inflorescence) has 2-7 strikingly laterally-flattened spikelets 1/4-1/2" long; each spikelet has 8-18 reddish-brown floral scales arranged in two opposing rows, each covering a floret consisting of 2-3 stamens, an ovary, and a split style which may protrude 1-2 mm beyond the scales. The plant is wind pollinated.

Cyperus

Cyperus bipartitus

shining flatsedge [Blooms: Aug-Sep]

Yellow nut sedge flower spikes are 2-3" long with spikelets sticking out at 90° to the axis and 90° to each other around the axis (producing four somewhat irregular rows down the axis). The axis itself is flattened with narrow wings. Individual spikelets are 1/2-3/4" long, yellow- or golden-brown, flattened, with from10-30, 2-3 mm long scales, each covering a floret. Each floret has a white, tripartite style with curly ends (the stigmas) and three stamens with yellowish-brown anthers; the flowers are wind pollinated.

Cyperus

Cyperus esculentus

yellow nut sedge [Blooms: Aug-?]

Rusty flatsedge produces an umbel comprised of 3-6 floral stalks 1-4" long bearing clusters of 2-4 floral spikes. (Visually, this looks much like the branch of a fir tree.) Individual spikes are 1/2-1.5" long with individual needle-like spikelets 1/2-1" long pointing in all directions (like a bottle brush). Each spikelet has 8-25 scales sheltering perfect florets (i.e., both three stamens and a tripartite style are present). Spikelets are initially yellow- or whitish green, becoming reddish-brown at maturity. (Thus the "rusty" name.)

Cyperus

Cyperus odoratus

rusty flatsedge [Blooms: Aug-Sep]

White prairie-clover produces 1-3" long spikes of flowers and flower buds which open progressively from the base of the spike to the tip. Individual flowers are tiny (about 1/4" across), pea-like, white, with five petals (one much larger than the other four); five white stamens with pale yellow anthers protrude beyond the edge of the flowers.

Dalea

Dalea candida

white prairie-clover [Blooms: Jun-Jul]

At the apex of a purple prairie-clover stem is a 1-2.5" long spike of flowers and flower buds which open progressively from the base of the spike to the tip. Individual flowers are tiny (1/4" across), pea-like, deep magenta in color, with five purple petals (one much larger than the other four). Five stamens with golden anthers protrude beyond the edge of the flowers.

Dalea

Dalea purpurea

purple prairie-clover [Blooms: Jun-Aug]

Shrubby cinquefoil flowers are 3/4-1.5" across, bright yellow, with petals that are circular and overlap, 15-20 stamens with golden anthers, and numerous pistils clumped in the center. The five sepals are largely hidden behind the petals; only the sepal's tips protrude.

Dasiphora

Dasiphora fruticosa

shrubby cinquefoil [Blooms: May-Jul]

Queen Anne's lace is probably the most widely known exotic, a plant introduced from Europe. The inflorescences are the familiar flat compound umbels 2-5" across made up of hundreds of tiny flowers; beneath the umbel are bracts up to 2.5" long, very narrow, and superficially pinnate with three or more lobes. Individual flowers are <1/8" across, with five white petals, a reddish ovary topped by two white styles, and five white stamens. Flowers near the edge of umbels are often asymmetrical, with the petals towards the free edge larger. Not uncommonly, a single flower in the center of the compound umbel has reddish-purple to nearly black petals. The fruit is a ribbed seed with long stiff hairs along the ribs; the entire umbel closes over the immature fruits like a fist to protect them as they mature.

Daucus

Daucus carota

Queen Anne's lace [Blooms: Jun-Aug]

Illinois bundleflower flowerheads are about 1/2" across; they contain about 50 florets with five minute (1 mm long) petals, a single style, and five stamens with yellow anthers. The overall appearance is of a greenish-white fuzzy pincushion.

Desmanthus

Desmanthus illinoensis

Illinois bundleflower [Blooms: Jun-Aug]

Showy tick-trefoil flowers are about a 1/2" tall and 1" long, pea-like with five petals — an upper petal (banner or standard) with two elongate, yellowish-cream spots at its base, two lower petals (wings) forming a chamber perpendicular to the upper petal, and another pair of petals forming a "keel" within the wings. Emerging from between the wings and keel is a stout, upward-curved, white tube that bears a single style and several stamens at its tip.

Desmodium

Desmodium canadense

showy tick-trefoil [Blooms: Jun-Jul]

Pointed-leaf tick-trefoil flowers are a little over 1/4" long, pea-like, with four (or five) rose-pink petals — a banner (parallel to the other petals), two lateral wings, and a tube-like keel formed from either a single petal folded lengthwise or two fused petals (opinions differ). Emerging from between the wings and keel is a stout, upward-curved, white tube that bears a single style and several stamens at its tip.

Desmodium

Desmodium glutinosum

pointed-leaf tick-trefoil [Blooms: Jun-Sep]

Panicled tick-trefoil flowers have an upright banner (standard) with one or two patches of yellow-green near its base and two lateral wings that enclose the two petals that form the median keel; a robust column bearing the style and several stamens on its end pokes up through the keel and wings. The loments (seedpods) are covered in robust, hooked hairs, are 1/2-1.5" long, and have 2-6 rounded, incompletely separated segments; the segments are slightly convex on top and markedly angular-convex on the bottom.

Desmodium

Desmodium paniculatum

panicled tick-trefoil [Blooms: Aug]

Annual wallrocket flowers occur on the tips of the stems. Each flower has four bright-yellow, oblong petals about 1/4" long with rounded tips; five light-green stamens with yellow anthers; and a green, stout pistil with an expanded, rough-textured stigma. The fruits are elongate (3/4-1"), narrow (1.5-2.5 mm), cylindrical siliques.

Diplotaxis

Diplotaxis muralis

annual wallrocket [Blooms: May-Oct]

Flat-topped aster produces stems that are 2-5' tall and unbranched except at the inflorescence, a flat-topped cluster of small (1/2"-3/4") white flowers with few (2-15) broad but sparse ray florets ("petals"). The disc florets are initially yellow but become cream-colored with age. The branching of each stem produces a flat-topped panicle of flowerheads that is 3-12" across. Individual flowerheads are small (1/2-3/4" across) with 5-12 white ray florets around 12-25 yellow disc florets (but these may fade to a yellowish-tan color as the disc florets age). The base of each flowerhead is surrounded by appressed, oblong bracts ("phyllaries") in 2-4 layers ("series").

Doellingeria

Doellingeria umbellata

flat-topped aster [Blooms: Jul – Sep]