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Prairie cinquefoil (aka, tall cinquefoil) flowers are about 3/4" across and have white to cream-colored petals, narrowest at the base; the sepals are light green and as long or longer than petals, tapering to a sharp tip; about 20 bright golden-yellow stamens and anthers; and the pistils in the center of the flower also bright golden-yellow. Prairie cinquefoil and sulfur cinquefoil are easy to confuse, but flowers of prairie cinquefoil are cream colored, not yellow and the leaves are pinnately compound, not and palmate.

Drymocallis

Drymocallis arguta

prairie cinquefoil [Blooms: Jun-Jul]

Pale purple coneflower flowerheads sit alone at the top of the stem; there are 12-20 white to pinkish-purple, slender ray florets, with 2-3 notched teeth at the tips; the ray florets initially splay laterally but droop on maturity. The central disc is domed and covered with disc florets with reddish-purple tips.

Echinacea

Echinacea pallida

pale purple coneflower [Blooms: Jun-Jul]

Purple coneflower flowerheads are solitary, 2.5-4" across, on the end of light green stems with purple streaks. The center of flowerhead is a flattened or (usually) peaked cone of numerous reddish-orange disc florets about 1/4" long, tubular, deep red to purplish-brown in color; stamens bear yellow pollen. The 10-20 ray florets are each 1.5-3" long and 1/4-3/4" wide, initially spreading, but droop as they mature; they are pink to purple, elongate-oval, often with three notches at the tips of the petals.

Echinacea

Echinacea purpurea

purple coneflower [Blooms: Jul-Aug]

Yerba de tajo's flowerheads arise in groups of 1-3 from the leaf axils on short pedicels; individual flowerheads are 1/4-1/3" across with 8-16 triangular, green, basal bracts, numerous (20+) off-white, thin ray florets with a protruding style, and numerous (15+) light grey to cream disc florets with four tiny spreading lobes, and four protruding light brown anthers and a branching style. Ray flowers are pistillate; disc flowers have both stamens and pistils.

Eclipta

Eclipta prostrata

yerba de tajo [Blooms: Aug-Sep]

in common spike-rush, at the tip of the culm is a single spike, elongate-ovoid with a sharply pointed tip, up to about 1" long; 30-100 florets ( each with three stamens bearing dark yellow anthers and a split style) are spirally arranged around the spikelet, each protected by a pointed scale 3-5 mm long. The scales have a green to straw-colored midrib, reddish- or orange-brown flanks, and a translucent edge. The two lowest scales in the spike lack flowers. The lowest scale wraps less than 3/4 of the base; it is mostly green bordered by a brown band and a translucent, rounded edge and is more leathery than other scales.

Eleocharis

Eleocharis palustris

common spike-rush [Blooms: May-Jul]

Aunt Lucy (Ellisia nyctelea) flowers arise from the leaf axils. The flowers are small and tubular (1/4" wide x 1/2" long); the five petallike lobes are white with purple lines or specks; the five stamens are hidden within the corolla, alternating with the corollar lobes and the style is divided for about half ts length; the sepals are hairy and as large as the petals. The fruit is a 1/4" long hairy, white body that looks like two spheres squashed together, resting on the sepals; it usually contains 4 seeds. This species is very common in late spring in open but shaded areas on Wooded Island. How it acquired the moniker "Aunt Lucy" is obscure.

Ellisia

Ellisia nyctelea

Aunt Lucy [Blooms: Apr-Jun]

Cinnamon willowherb flowers are 1/4-1/3" across and arise from the axils of the upper leaves on 1/2" flower stalks, but the ovary of the flower is a hairy, elongate cylinder slightly wider than the flower stalk; the base of the sepals and petals (less than 1/4" long) may thus be elevated 1.5" above the leaf axil — a tiny flower on the tip of a long cylinder. Above the elongated ovary are four green sepals (with pink or purple tints), four deeply-notched white or light pink petals, a stout pistil with a knobby end, and eight stamens, four long, four short. After fertilization, the ovary elongates to as much as 3" long, dries to a brown color, then splits into two or four segments to release tiny seeds suspended under a tuft of long light brown hairs.

Epilobium

Epilobium coloratum

cinnamon willowherb [Blooms: Jul-Sep]

Broad-leaved helleborine's inflorescence is a 4-12" long raceme with 15-50 flowers, all on one side of the flower stalk. Individual flowers are 1/2-3/4" wide. The petals are greenish-purple with the lower petal forming a pale red bowl; behind the petals, the three sepals are pale green with purple stripes. (The sepals are as long as the petals, as are the bracts below the flowers' stalks.) The fruit is a hairy capsule ~1/2" long, and egg-shaped. Broad-leaved helleborine prefers woodlands.

Epipactis

Epipactis helleborine

broad-leaved helleborine [Blooms: Jul]

Annual fleabane flowers occur in clusters (panicles) in the upper parts of the plant, each 1/2-3/4" across. Disc florets are very small (2-3 mm) and golden yellow; the 50-120 ray florets appear very elongate (1/4-1/2") and narrow (~1-2 mm) and bright white in color. The back of the flower is covered with 2-4 rows of narrow, hairy bracts.

Erigeron

Erigeron annuus

annual fleabane [Blooms: May-Aug]

Philadelphia fleabane stems are usually unbranched except at the inflorescence, a panicle. Flowerheads are 1/2-3/4" across with 150-300 thin white ray florets, often pink or violet tipped, and densely packed around the 1/2" wide disc; the disc florets are yellow, tubular, and 5-10 mm long. The base of the flowerhead is coved by 1-3 series of light green, appressed phyllaries.

Erigeron

Erigeron philadelphicus

Philadelphia fleabane [Blooms: May-Sep]

In Robin's plantain the basal leaves, stem leaves, stems, and flower stalks are all very hairy. Flowerheads arise from the tips of the stems as a group of 1-6. Individual flowerheads are 1-1.5" across; the numerous (50-100) ray florets bear long white (sometimes light pink or violet) petals surrounding a flat, yellow-orange disc of disc florets ~1/2" across. The base of the flower is surrounded with 2-3 layers of light green phyllaries (often with brown or purple tips) which taper smoothy into the stalk.

Erigeron

Erigeron pulchellus

Robin's plantain [Blooms: Apr-May]

Daisy fleabane flowerheads are 1/2-3/4" across with 40-100 thin white or pink-tinged ray florets 4-7 mm long, usually shorter than the disc diameter and numerous yellow disc florets. The disc florets are tiny (1.5-2.5 mm), yellow, and tubular with five lobes on the apical end; there are five stamens and a single, bifurcated style. Around the base of the flowerhead are 2-4 rows of light green, 3 mm long phyllaries often covered with short hairs. Daisy fleabane is similar to Philadelphia fleabane (Erigeron philadelphicus), but the latter has larger flowers with more (150-300) ray florets and leaves that clasp the stems.

Erigeron

Erigeron strigosus

daisy fleabane [Blooms: Jun-Sep]

Rattlesnake master inflorescences consist of whitish-green spiky balls 1/2-1" across made up of small florets enclosed by prickly bracts; the florets have five short, rounded petals, five stamens, and a long, divided white pistil that protrudes well beyond the edge of the floret. Note that, if you're bitten by a rattlesnake, this plant will be of no use to you whatsoever.

Eryngium

Eryngium yuccifolium

rattlesnake master [Jun-Sep]

Wormseed mustard stems are medium green, angular or grooved, covered relatively sparsely with tiny appressed hairs. At the tip of the stem is a raceme of yellow flowers, each 1/4-1" long and 1/4" across; more peripheral flowers in the raceme bloom first. Each flower has four pale green sepals 2-3 mm long, four yellow petals 3-5.5mm long, six stamens with yellow anthers (two stamens shorter than the other four), and a single style. The basal rosette withers about the time the seeds begin to form, while flowers are still present. Seedpods are four-angled siliques that grow directly from the center of the flowers. Wormseed mustard prefers open, disturbed habitats.

Erysimum

Erysimum cheiranthoides

wormseed mustard [Blooms: Apr-?]

Hamilton's spindletree produces clusters of about seven flowers on ~1.5" peduncles that grow out of the leaf axils. Individual flowers are <1/2" across with four white, elongate-oval petals with rounded tips, four stamens with dark purple (approaching black) anthers, and a large green ovary with a single, stout green style. The fruit is a four chambered, deeply-grooved, rose-colored capsule ~1/2" across containing four scarlet, fleshy arils, each surrounding an ellipsoidal, dark brown seed.

Euonymus

Euonymus hamiltonianus

Hamilton's spindletree [Blooms: Maay-Jun]

Late boneset's inflorescence is a flat-topped or shallowly-domed panicle with numerous flowerheads. Individual flowerheads are composed of 12-15 greyish-white disk floret (ray florets are absent) about 1/4" long with a tubular corolla with five small, triangular apical lobes and a long white bifurcated style extending well out from the floret surrounded by five black stamens. Leaf venation, lack of leaf hairs, and and smaller flowerheads (~5-8 florets) distinguish tall bonset (E.altissium) from late boneset (E. serotinum; 12-15 florets).

Eupatorium

Eupatorium serotinum

late boneset [Blooms: Aug-Oct]

Flowering spurge "flowers" are deployed in an open, flat-topped inflorescence (panicle); individual "flowers" are 1/4-3/8" across, a cup-like, five-lobed cyathium (unique to euphorbs) containing the five white "petals" (actually white bracts), a green ring of nectar glands around the base of the "petals," and the stamens or styles. Male flowering spurge cyathia have three stamens, each with a white filament and a yellow anther; female flowering spurge cyathia have both an ovary with a tripartite style with six stigmas, and three (sterile?) stamens. (If you're confused about the architecture of cyathia, see seaside sandmat (Euphorbia polygonifolia) for a clearer example.) After fertilization, the fruit develops as a unmistakable three-celled, bulbous green capsule on a short stalk in the middle of the original flower with the remnants of the style at its tip.

Euphorbia

Euphorbia corollata

flowering spurge [Blooms: Jun-Oct]

Lance-leafed goldenrod is only distantly related to the other goldenrods (all genus Solidago) found in Jackson Park. The inflorescence is a flat-topped or slightly domed panicle. Flowerheads are cylindrical, minute (1/8" across, the smallest of the goldenrods), with 15-25 ray florets with minute petals and 5-10 disc florets. The outermost bracts around the base of the flower are green-tipped. Flowers across the inflorescence bloom at different times so the inflorescence often looks a bit shopworn. Lance-leafed goldenrod refers wet, soggy habitats.

Euthamia

Euthamia graminifolia

lance-leafed goldenrod [Blooms: Jul-Sep]